Which theorists are identified as precursors to the group movement?

• A. C. G. Jung.
• B. Marsha Linehan.
• C. Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis.
• D. Sigmund Freud.

Answer: (C)

The idea being tested is who laid early groundwork for the group movement in counseling and group work. Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis fit best because Adler’s emphasis on social context and cooperative functioning points to the value of group interaction and shared goals, laying a theoretical foundation for working with groups. Jesse B. Davis demonstrated this in practice by implementing the first organized group guidance programs in schools, providing a concrete model of using group experiences to meet students’ developmental and guidance needs. In contrast, the others focus on individual psychotherapy rather than groups: Jung on individual psychology and the collective unconscious, Freud on psychoanalytic therapy with individuals, and Marsha Linehan on a modern, individual-focused treatment (DBT). So Adler and Davis are the clearest precursors to the group movement.