Which combination of factors is identified as a curative factor by Yalom?

• A. Altruism, universality, and existential learning.
• B. Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind.
• C. Catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope.
• D. Imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences.

Answer: (A)

Yalom identifies several mechanisms through which group therapy can produce change, and three—altruism, universality, and addressing existential concerns—are among the most central. Altruism lets members help others and receive help in return, which boosts self-worth and social skills. Universality shows that others share similar struggles, reducing isolation and increasing belonging. Addressing existential concerns brings attention to fundamental questions about meaning, freedom, responsibility, and mortality, helping members face life choices more openly. Together, these three repeatedly emerge as core curative processes in groups, making this combination the best match to Yalom’s identified factors. The other options mix elements from his broader list or focus more on individual therapy processes, not the trio of factors Yalom emphasizes as central in groups.