Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as

• A. Horizontal interventions
• B. Crossed transactions
• C. Vertical interventions
• D. Parallel transactions

Answer: (C)

Interventions in group work can operate at different levels, either across the whole group or focused on one person. Focusing on a single member is a vertical approach. This means the facilitator directly addresses that individual’s personal issues, patterns, or history as they surface in the group, with the aim of helping that person gain insight and make changes. For example, if a member consistently avoids sharing and this behavior disrupts the group's process, the facilitator might invite that person to explore what fears or past experiences drive the withdrawal, reflect on how it affects others, and practice new ways of engaging. This deep, individual-focused work can still be woven into the group context, using the dynamics to support growth for that person.

In contrast, horizontal interventions work on the group as a whole—developing norms, cohesion, roles, and overall group process. The other terms you mentioned describe communication patterns rather than the level of intervention: they relate to how messages are exchanged within interactions, not to focusing on one member within the group.